Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Structures by Simulated Annealing

Early attempts of optimised structural designs go back to the 1600s, when Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo conducted tests of models and full-scale structures [1]. A 1994`s review of structural optimization can be found in the study by Cohn and Dinovitzer [2], who pointed out that there was a gap between theoretical studies and the practical application in practice. They also noted the short number of studies that concentrated on concrete structures. A review of structural concrete optimization can be found in the 1998`s study by Sarma and Adeli [3].

PILE FOUNDATIONS IN LIQUEFIED AND LATERALLY SPREADING GROUND DURING EARTHQUAKES: CENTRIFUGE EXPERIMENTS & ANALYSES

This research project addressed key needs for advancing the design of pile foundations in soil profiles that are susceptible to liquefaction and lateral spreading during earthquakes.

CONSTRUCTION OF SECANT PILE WALL

The underground Rapid Transit System (RTS) stations and cut-and-cover tunnels are typically constructed by the “open-cut and bottom-up” method. In this method, the earth is excavated to the required depth with retaining walls and struts supporting the soil at the sides. Upon the completion of excavation to the required depth, the base slab of the underground structure is cast at the bottom-most level, followed by the side walls. Casting of concrete progresses upwards, level by level till the roof of the structure is completed. Ground is then backfilled and reinstated.

CONSTRUCTION OF CONTIGUOUS BORED PILE WALL

The underground Rapid Transit System (RTS) stations and cut-and-cover tunnels are typically constructed by the “open-cut and bottom-up” method. In this method, the earth is excavated to the required depth with retaining walls and struts supporting the soil at the sides. Upon the completion of excavation to the required depth, the base slab of the underground structure is cast at the bottom-most level, followed by the side walls. Casting of concrete progresses upwards, level by level till the roof of the structure is completed. Ground is then backfilled and reinstated.

Design-Construction ofThe Paramount – A 39-StoryPrecast Prestressed ConcreteApartment Building

Paramount Apartment Building
San Francisco, CA
Engineer: Englekirk Systems Development
Precast Engineer: Mid-State Precast, L.P

• 39-story, 691,000 sq ft
• Seismic Zone 4 structure
• Hybrid moment resisting frame
• Integrated seismic and architectural solution
• Reduced construction time and material costs

At 39 stories and 420 ft (128 m) high, The Paramount (located in San
Francisco, California) is the tallest concrete structure in addition to
being the tallest precast, prestressed concrete framed building in
Seismic Zone 4 (a double record).It is the first major high rise